Heidi Ahihi

The Vietnamese saying, “Tiên học lễ, hậu học văn” (First learn manners, then learn knowledge), is a cornerstone of Vietnamese culture and education. It’s not just a phrase; it’s a philosophical principle that shapes the values, behavior, and societal structure of the nation. This maxim underscores the belief that a person’s character and ethical foundation are more important than their intellectual abilities.

At its core, “Tiên học lễ” emphasizes the cultivation of manners, respect, and moral conduct before anything else. “Lễ” encompasses a broad range of concepts, including politeness, etiquette, respect for elders and teachers, humility, and adherence to social norms. It represents the moral and ethical framework that guides one’s actions. The belief is that without a strong ethical compass, knowledge can be misused or can even be a detriment to society. “Hậu học văn” means to learn knowledge and intellectual skills after establishing one’s character. “Văn” refers to formal education, literature, science, and all forms of academic learning. This part of the saying doesn’t devalue education; instead, it places it in a secondary, yet still crucial, position. It suggests that a person’s intelligence and education are most valuable when grounded in a foundation of good character.

The phrase’s deep roots can be traced to Vietnamese Confucianism, which has heavily influenced Vietnamese society for centuries. Confucian philosophy places a high value on filial piety, respect for authority, and social harmony. These principles align perfectly with the concept of “lễ.” The Vietnamese adaptation of Confucian ideals emphasizes collective harmony over individual achievement, and this is where “Tiên học lễ, hậu học văn” finds its strongest foothold. The proverb also reflects the communal nature of Vietnamese society. A person’s worth is often measured not only by their success but also by how they contribute to their family and community. A respectful and well-behaved individual is seen as a positive force for the entire group, while a brilliant but arrogant person can disrupt social harmony.

This philosophy manifests in various aspects of Vietnamese life. In the family, children are taught from a young age to address elders with respectful titles and to speak politely. They are expected to listen to and obey their parents and grandparents. In the education system, teachers are highly respected figures, and students are trained to show deference to them. The first lessons in school often focus on classroom rules, how to greet teachers, and how to interact respectfully with peers. In social interactions, politeness and respect are paramount. People use specific forms of address to show respect for age and social status. For example, a younger person will often use “dạ” or “thưa” when speaking to an older person, signifying respect and politeness. This creates a predictable and harmonious social environment where everyone understands their role and expectations.

The enduring humanistic value of “Tiên học lễ, hậu học văn” lies in its timeless message about the primacy of character. It teaches that genuine success is not just about personal achievement but also about how one treats others. The proverb highlights that a person’s moral fiber is the most important asset. It encourages humility, empathy, and social responsibility.

For the next generation, maintaining this value is crucial for navigating an increasingly globalized world. While academic and technological skills are essential for career success, they must be balanced with strong ethical values. The lesson is clear: true intelligence is knowing how to be a good human being. By upholding “Tiên học lễ, hậu học văn,” young Vietnamese can integrate global knowledge and innovation while preserving their rich cultural identity and fostering a society built on mutual respect and integrity. This philosophy serves as a reminder that an individual’s greatest contribution to the world is not what they achieve, but who they are.